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　　定語從句是英語教學的重要內(nèi)容，是英語基礎(chǔ)教材中的語法重點與難點，同學們學習時感到困難，運用時經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)選錯關(guān)系詞、成分重復(fù)、主謂不一致、結(jié)構(gòu)混淆等問題。在教學中要幫助學生正確理解和使用定語從句，必須理解先行詞、關(guān)系詞之間關(guān)系、關(guān)系詞等在句子中的作用及介詞與動詞的搭配。現(xiàn)就一些問題試述如下：

　　一．選錯關(guān)系詞：

　　1. We often think of the days when we spent together on the island.

　　2. This is the factory where we visited last year.

　　出現(xiàn)這類問題的主要原因是忽略了關(guān)系詞在定語從句中充當成分，只考慮關(guān)系詞指代

　　先行詞的作用。例1關(guān)系詞在定語從句中充當spent的賓語，因此應(yīng)選用that或which。例2關(guān)系詞在定語從句中充當visited的賓語，應(yīng)選用that 或which。

　　二．成分重復(fù)：

　　3. The book I borrowed them from the school library should be returned before Friday.

　　4. The man that we met him in the street was a scientist.

　　這類問題的主要原因是對關(guān)系詞沒有正確理解與掌握。

　　關(guān)系詞在定語從句中要充當成分，因而從句中的那個地位就被關(guān)系詞取而代之，如果再用，就是成分重復(fù)。因此例3中的them例4中的him都是成分重復(fù)，應(yīng)去掉才對。

　　三．定語從句中謂語的數(shù)用錯：

　　5. The boys who are playing basketball on the playground are from Grade 2.

　　6. He was the only person of his fellow teachers who were invited to such an important meeting.

　　出現(xiàn)這類問題的主要原因是定語從句中的謂語的數(shù)沒有與先行詞一致。例5定語從句中的謂語應(yīng)與先行詞boys一致，is應(yīng)改為are。例6先行詞是person而不是teachers, 因此were 改為was。

　　四．句子結(jié)構(gòu)混淆不清：

　　7. The meeting that was held last week, is a great success.

　　8. Mr. Lin, you met in the library, will teach us geography.

　　9. It was yesterday when they went to Beijing.

　　出現(xiàn)這類問題的原因主要是沒有掌握定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)。例7是限制性定語從句、非限制性定語從句混淆不清。 That雖可指物但不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，因此that改為which。例8是非限制性定語從句，關(guān)系代詞做賓語不能省略，應(yīng)在you前添加上whom。例9把強調(diào)句型誤認為定語從句，因此應(yīng)將when改為that。

　　定語從句涉及許多語法項目，學生出錯頻繁。作為教師該如何把握定語從句的要點，幫助學生正確理解并使用定語從句呢？下面談?wù)勛约旱捏w會和一些做法：

　　一．正確理解關(guān)系詞的作用：先行詞←關(guān)系詞→成分

　　關(guān)系詞有三個作用，一是連接定語從句，二是指代先行詞，三是在定語從句中充當成分。三者需兼顧考慮，缺一不可。

　　A: 關(guān)系詞是橋梁詞，它是連接定語從句的標志，運用定語從句時不能沒有關(guān)系詞。如：The old woman her son was seriously ill looked worried. 就是缺少關(guān)系詞的病句，應(yīng)將her 改為whose。

　　B: 關(guān)系詞指代先行詞，關(guān)系詞連接的定語從句必須修飾先行詞，運用定語從句時不能缺少先行詞。如：Is this factory that you visited last year? 就是缺少先行詞的病句，應(yīng)在that 前加the one 或在factory前加the。

　　C: 關(guān)系詞還要在定語從句中充當成分，因而關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞不能混用。如：This is the place where he visited last year. 這個句子中的關(guān)系詞是充當賓語而不是地點狀語，故應(yīng)將where 改為that 或which。

　　二、正確理解并區(qū)分關(guān)系詞的不同用法：

　　A: who、that 引出限制性定語從句，指人，在從句中做主語，通常可以互換：The boy that/who helped me is my brother.

　　但在下列情況下宜用who 不用that。

　　1. 先行詞為those時:

　　Those who want to buy Chinese English dictionaries put your names down here.

　　2. 先行詞為one、anyone、ones時：

　　You are the only one who can pull the nuts from the fire.

　　Don’t tell anyone about the news who shouldn’t know it.

　　如果主句是以who 開頭的疑問句，則其后的定語從句宜用that 引導(dǎo)。

　　Who is the girl that talked with you just now?

　　Who is the man that is sitting by the window?

　　B: that、which引導(dǎo)定語從句時都可指物，都可做主語或賓語，有時兩者可以互用。

　　A plane is a machine that/which can fly. 但在下列情況下宜用that, 不用which。

　　1. 先行詞被形容詞的最高級修飾時

　　This is the best film that has been shown this year.

　　2. 先行詞為all, little, much, everything, nothing, anything等不定代詞時

　　She did all that she could to help me.

　　3. 先行詞有only, very序數(shù)詞修飾時

　　There is little time that we can spare.

　　The first thing that we should do is to work out a plan.

　　4. 先行詞為序數(shù)詞時

　　When people talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes to mind is the West Lake.

　　5. 先行詞人，物共有時

　　The bus ran over a lady and her dog that were just crossing the road.

　　但下列情況下宜用which, 不用that。

　　1. 在非限制性定語從句中

　　Grammar, which I don’t like very much, is good for me.

　　2. 關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時

　　Is this the room in which he once lived?

　　 三、介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句時，須選用恰當?shù)慕樵~。介詞的選擇應(yīng)根據(jù)介詞與先行詞、介詞與動詞的搭配關(guān)系來決定。

　　1.Her bag, in which she put all her books, has been found. (in her bag →in which)

　　2. The person to whom I spoke just now is the manager. (speak to the person→to whom)

　　 四．關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語從句可以轉(zhuǎn)換成介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句，介詞的選擇應(yīng)根據(jù)介詞與先行詞的搭配關(guān)系來決定。

　　A: when→介詞+which

　　1. I still remember the day when/ on which I joined the Party.

　　(on the day→when→on which)

　　2. I still remember the year when/ in which I joined the army.

　　(in the year→in which)

　　3. I still remember the days when /during which I studied in the college.

　　(during which→during the days)

　　B: where→介詞+which

　　1. This is the house where/in which he once lived.

　　2. One morning an elephant was led down the road where/on which they stood.

　　(on the road→on which)

　　3. Every few hundred meters along the wall there are watch towers where/at which soldiers used to keep watch.

　　(at the watch towers→at which)

　　五、在非限制性定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞做賓語不能省略，介詞不能后置。

　　 Li Ming, whom you met yesterday, is our new teacher.

　　 Whom 在非限制性定語從句中充當met 的賓語，不能省略。

　　 The source of most forms of energy is the Sun, from which we get heat and light. 不能寫成：…， which we get heat and light from.

　　六、正確理解that 從句：It is…that…

　　1. 如果it 是形式主語，則that 從句為主語從句，that 沒有詞義，不充當成分。

　　It is a pity that she has made such a mistake.

　　2.that 不僅起連接作用，而且指代先行詞，還在從句中充當成分，則that 從句為定語從句。 It is a shop that sells medicine.

　　3. 如果把it is…that…去掉，原句成立，則就是強調(diào)句型。不能把強調(diào)句型誤認為定語從句。

　　It was yesterday that we put on the English play.

　　It was at the theatre that we put on the English play.

　　七、把所學的定語從句進行歸類、綜合，使之有序化，學生便于記憶，易于理解，也有利于運用。同時還應(yīng)十分重視“知識”內(nèi)化為“能力”的強化訓練。

師資科外語系：張雪